Lateral recess stenosis (LRS), a type of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis with degenerative disc disease, is clinically characterized by radiating lower back pain and claudication when walking, sensory disturbances, muscle weakness, and urinary and defecatory obstructions in severely affected patients. Sciatic pain specifically, which was relieved during flexion and worsened with extension, is also commonly observed [1234]. Many techniques have been used to treat degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and LRS including traditional open decompressive surgery and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).

Traditional open decompressive lumbar surgery for the treatment of spinal stenosis and LRS was described by Lane [5] in 1893; and Young et al. [6] first used a unilateral approach through the surgical corridor for spinal canal decompression in 1988. Traditional open surgeries, like posterolateral fusion with decompression, include total laminectomy and resection of the facet joint, as needed, combined with a pedicle screw fixation. The procedure results in a successful surgical treatment of LRS [27]. The advantages of simple decompression include faster pain relief and high patient satisfaction during the early post-operative period [7]. However, a pedicle screw fixation also contributes to posterolateral fusion between the intertransverse processes and the lateral aspects of the facet joints [89]. Older patients may have comorbidities such as low bone density, which increase complication rates during spinal surgery [7]. If decompression is not combined with a pedicle screw fixation, symptoms frequently recur within years [10].

PLIF, used to treat several spinal diseases, was first described by Cloward [11] in 1953. Open PLIF, involving the use of an interbody cage and posterior pedicle screw instrumentation, has been widely used for restoring disc height, decompressing the spinal nerve roots and dural sac, and segmental alignment during the treatment of LRS [121314]. Tissue denervation and ischemia, associated with the traditional posterior approach, have been reported by many authors and cause continued postoperative symptoms [1516] PLIF, without posterior pedicle fixation to reduce these complications, can cause cage migration and iatrogenic instability [1217].

Spinal microsurgical techniques have been gaining popularity in conjunction with recent technological advances in illumination, instrumentation, and magnification [4]. The advantages of the microsurgical technique include less soft tissue damage, less intraoperative blood loss, faster postoperative pain relief, shorter hospitalizations, and faster returns to daily life and work; these advantages have been reported by many authors [21819]. There is no need for posterior instrumentation, if the lumbar spine is shown to be stable in the patient's most recent microsurgical spine surgery. In such cases, microscopy guided resection of less than half of the medial facet, partial hemilaminotomy, and insertion of the cages may be performed through this window, thus leading to stable posterior structures [216]. However, spinal microsurgery is also associated with a steep learning curve, incomplete spinal decompression, and the need for special equipment [216].

This study reports the single-center clinical and radiological results of microsurgical PLIF and decompression, without posterior instrumentation, as a surgical treatment option for treating LRS.

In all 34 patients, the indication for surgery was LRS with degenerative disc disease. Six patients required 3-level fusions, 12 patients required 2-level fusions and 16 patients underwent single-level surgeries. Solid fusion (Fig. 1) was observed in 29 patients (85.2%). The average disc heights were 1.27±0.59 cm, 1.34±0.68 cm, and 1.28±0.66 cm when measured preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up, respectively. The disc height increased, on average, 0.07±0.09 cm, postoperatively; however, the difference was not significant (p=0.198). At the final follow-up, there was no mean difference in disc height, compared with the preoperative height (p=0.811). The mean spinal canal diameters were 1.32±0.69 cm, 2.90±1.57 cm, and 2.78±1.19 cm when measured preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up, respectively. The mean diameter of the patients' spinal canals increased significantly (1.62±0.08 cm) between the pre- and postoperative measurements (p<0.001). The mean spinal canal diameter did not change significantly between the postoperative and final follow-up measurements (p=0.274) (Table 1).

Clinical recoveries, as evaluated at the final follow-up using the Macnab criteria, were excellent (17 cases, 50%), good (11 cases, 32.3%), poor (3 cases, 8.8%), or fair (3 cases, 8.8%).

Postoperative complications included root injury because of cage migration (two patients), superficial infection (one patient), dural tear (one patient), and nonunions (five patients). Postoperative infection was treated with s (cefazolin). The root injuries, manifesting as weakness during ankle dorsiflexion and numbness, were detected in two patients who recovered spontaneously prior to their last follow-up assessment. Revision surgery was required in 1 patient because of severe cage migration, resulting in foot drop (Fig. 2). The dural sac tear was repaired intraoperatively. Most complications were conservatively treated, except for the patient with foot drop, which persisted and required surgical intervention. Continued sciatica was observed in two patients.

The mean operative time was 149.76±52.99 minutes (range, 90-280 minutes). Patients with multi-level fusions required almost 90 minutes more surgical time than patients requiring a single-level fusion. The mean blood loss was 273.38±111.84 mL (range, 150-500 mL). Similarly, patients with multi-level fusions experienced approximately 150 mL more blood loss than patients with single-level fusions. The mean hospital stay was 2.5±0.5 days (range, 2-4 days).

LRS is usually accompanied by degenerative disc disease. Various surgical procedures have been used to surgically treat LRS: lumbar spinal fusions, such as posterolateral fusion, PLIF, translumbar interbody fusion, anterior lumbar interbody fusion, and decompressive surgery (including laminectomy and facetectomy. Traditional, open decompressive surgery and posterolateral fusion with additional posterior instrumentation have been widely used for LRS, but may cause musculoligamentous injuries [1220]. Without accompanying posterior instrumentation, a posterolateral fusion cannot maintain the disc height and cannot contribute to the fusion [891221].

PLIF has been widely used as a surgical technique for spinal diseases, including spinal stenosis and degenerative disc disease. However, this technique, using an interbody cage without posterior stabilization, may lead to instability if a wide laminectomy and facetectomy are performed [1222]. PLIF can also successfully restore disc height and anterior column alignment, as well as stabilize the disc space. Thus, the technique has the advantages of high fusion rates that lead to early stabilization, with the additional use of a pedicle screw fixation [12172123]. Posterior instrumentation, following PLIF, can hinder iatrogenic instability and may cause musculoligamentous injuries [1224]. Denervation and atrophy may also result in the failed back syndrome, as reported in patients undergoing wide exposures [25]. However, PLIF without posterior instrumentation may result in postoperative complications, including instability, pseudoarthrosis, cage migration, and persistent back pain [1217].

In observational studies using threaded fusion cages and other interbody fusion cages during PLIF, the interbody fusion rates and clinical symptom improvements are variable, with possible complications including migrated fusion cages, pseudoarthrosis, and exacerbated spinal instability [26]. Thus, solid fusion and complete decompression should be used, if possible, for the treatment of LRS, particularly to protect the posterior column [27]. Martin et al. [28] reported that, decompression and instrumentation were mainly used during PLIF. They also reported that iatrogenic injury of the lumbar spinal stability mechanism, including damaged anterior fiber rings and posterior longitudinal ligaments, increases the tendency of disc slippage and should be regarded as an important sign of poor postoperative fusion and incompletely improved symptoms. Ray [29] and Guo et al. [2] reported bone fusion rates of 96% (208 cases) and 100% (48 cases), respectively, following PLIF using threaded fusion cages. Thus, this technique has become a successfully used surgical technique for the treatment of lumbar instability, compared with traditional lumbar fusion.

Recently, spinal microsurgery has been gaining popularity because of its advantages, which include less soft tissue damage, less intraoperative blood loss, faster postoperative pain relief, shorter hospital stays, and faster returns to daily life and work [241819]. However, posterior instrumentation has not been used in the absence of lumbar spine instability, according to recent spinal microsurgery reports [2]. Lai et al. [30] noted that the posterior column structure integrity is aggravated by decompressive surgery, including total laminectomy and removal of the spinous process, and can lead to an adjacent segment instability. Hence, microscopy-guided resection of less than half of the medial facet, partial hemilaminotomy, and subsequent cage insertion through the resultant window can lead to stable posterior structures. The disadvantages of spinal microsurgery include a steep learning curve, incomplete spinal decompression, the need for special equipment, and complications, which include cage migration and pseudoarthrosis [2].

In the present study, although the increase in spinal canal diameter was significant, the increase in disc height was insufficient. It is hypothesized that this insufficient increase in disc height might be related to the patient position. Disc height decreases with the patient in the prone position and 90° flexed hips; hence this could lead to a selection of a smaller size of the cage. In this study, the fusion rate (85.2%) was lower and the migration rate (5.8%) was higher when compared to the previously published literature [1781216202426]. An insertion of the small size cage causes instability and helps explains the lower fusion rate and higher migration rate. Thus, there seems to be a good argument that measurement of the disc height must be done with the patient in the prone position and extended hips. There are similar clinical results (Macnab criteria), operative times, intraoperative blood losses, and hospital stays, as have been previously reported [12781214].

In summary, maintaining spinal stability, based on the rigid construct of a 360° fusion mass, is important for the treatment of LRS [1]. Solid fusion, full decompression, and a limited approach are keys to successful surgery, but cage migration and pseudoarthrosis remain challenging complications to overcome when attempting to achieve an adequate lumbar interbody fusion. This clinical study demonstrated that the technological advances in PLIF microsurgery help the surgeon to achieve outcomes that are closer to the natural biomechanical properties of the lumbar spine than have been achieved with traditional approaches [124716192729]. A minimally invasive approach, involving limited resection of the facet and lamina to facilitate cage insertion, prior to lumbar interbody fusion with additional posterior instrumentation, can lead to a stable spinal structure. Further studies, involving numerous centers and stable interbody cage designs will further the microsurgical treatment of lumbar LRS without the use of posterior instrumentation.