The advent of minimally invasive spine surgery has enabled surgeons to perform complex spinal procedures for varied indications while leaving behind the smallest surgical footprint [1]. Minimally invasive techniques in lumbar interbody arthrodesis have undergone continuous evolution of the procedural approaches and instrumentation. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) techniques have been reported to reduce the iatrogenic soft tissue injury that occurs with muscle stripping and retraction during routine spinal exposure [2]. The potential advantages of minimally invasive procedures include less soft tissue injury, decreased blood loss, decreased hospital stay, and early recovery, which have led to clinical outcomes similar to those of open procedures [23]. Revision patients present a surgical challenge because of altered anatomical landmarks, avascular scars from previous surgery, and epidural fibrosis, which have been associated with increased risk of dural tears (DTs), wound-related complications, and neural injury [4]. Patients in these cases can potentially benefit from the decreased approach-related morbidity (dissection through scar tissue) provided by MI-TLIF.

A primary MI-TLIF is itself a challenging technique and is associated with a significant learning curve [5]. Adaptation of minimally invasive techniques in revision surgeries and their effects on the clinical outcome and incidence of perioperative complications in such scenarios needs further exploration. With this background, the purpose of this study was to compare the operative results, clinical outcomes, and perioperative complications after primary and revision MI-TLIF.

The mean age of the patients was 50.61 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.8:1 in the Fa group and 49.52 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1 in the Pr group. The mean follow-up was 28 months (range, 20–38 months) and 24 months (range, 18–28 months) in the Pr and Fa groups, respectively. The mean pre- and postoperative ODI scores were 53.18 and 20.23 in the Pr group and 52.01 and 25.72 in the Fa group, respectively, and the percentage change was similar between the groups (p=0.304). The mean pre- and postoperative VAS scores for back pain were 4.77 and 1.75 in the Pr group and 4.1 and 2.0 in the Fa group, respectively. The mean pre- and postoperative VAS scores for leg pain were 6.52 and 1.27 in the Pr group and 9.5 and 1.375 in the Fa group, respectively. The percentage change in VAS scores for back pain was statistically significant (p=0.027), whereas that in VAS scores for leg pain was not statistically significant (p=0.538). The mean blood losses were 110 mL and 100 mL in the Pr and Fa groups, respectively. The mean operative times were 3.4 and 3.2 hours in the Pr and Fa groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in operative times and estimated blood losses (p=0.406). Dynamic X-rays were used to demonstrate spinal instability. The indication for failed-back MI-TLIFs was iatrogenic instability following laminectomy. The indications for primary MI-TLIFs included degenerative listhesis (n=19), lytic listhesis (n=12), central herniated nucleus pulposus (n=3), and degenerative disc disease (n=2). No complications were observed in either groups. The parameters studied are summarized in Table 2.

Among the spectrum of failed backs, revision surgical treatment is a reasonable option for select conditions, which include recurrent disc herniation, infection, pseudoarthrosis, hardware failure, flatback syndrome, iatrogenic instability, or adjacent segment degeneration [6]. Iatrogenic instability was the primary indication for failed-back MI-TLIF revision surgeries. Historically, revision surgery with stabilization and decompression has often been found to be most successful in failed backs having spinal instability following destructive laminectomies/discectomies. On the other hand, surgical intervention in these abject situations has also been found to be associated with a high risk of perioperative complications [47]. Most of these complications are approach and access related. The primary MI-TLIF procedure has shown significant approach-related advantages, including less blood loss, less muscle damage, and less perioperative morbidity [3]. To determine whether these advantages could be translated to revision surgeries was the objective of this study. With this background, we compared the outcomes of MI-TLIF to attain the goals of stabilization and decompression between selected patients with failed backs and patients who underwent primary surgeries.

Access to the spine in revision surgery is more technically arduous than that in primary surgery and is associated with higher risk of complications, particularly that of nerve root injury and incidental durotomy [8]. The scar tissue of previous posterior surgery offers a relatively avascular bed for new bone graft, and repeat surgery through previous scars has been found to be frequently associated with permanent distressing dysesthesias [9]. Although the anterior approach has been considered to be attractive for rescue of failed posterior fusions, approach-related potential complications have been daunting [10]. The alternative, i.e., open transforaminal interbody fusion (O-TLIF) has several inherent disadvantages in revision spine surgeries. The O-TLIF technique requires tissue dissection through the scar and lateral to the facet joints to gain access to the disc space and provide an ideal orientation for optimal screw trajectory. There are only a handful of studies in the literature that have explored open TLIF as an option in revision spine surgery. In a series of 54 consecutive patients, including eight revision cases, undergoing TLIF, Hackenberg et al. [11] reported an average blood loss of 485 mL, with one patient (1.85%) suffering an intraoperative nerve root injury without motor deficit. In a retrospective review of 24 patients that included 10 patients (42%) who had undergone previous spine surgery, Salehi et al. [12] reported an average estimated blood loss of 1,400 mL, with one patient suffering a transient left foot drop. Potter et al. [13] retrospectively reviewed the outcomes in 100 patients and found the incidence of DTs to be significantly higher for revision procedures than that for primary procedures (6.5%/level versus 3.7%/level, p=0.07). In a series of 531 patients, Tormenti et al. [14] reported a 1.75 times higher likelihood of perioperative complications in patients who had undergone revision surgery than that in patients who had undergone primary surgery, with the risk of an inadvertent DT 1.75 times higher in the revision surgery cohort. More recently, in a retrospective series of 187 patients that included 114 patients undergoing revision surgery, Khan et al. [15] reported a 28.9% intraoperative or postoperative complication rate.

With a previous conventional midline access, the intermuscular plane of Wiltse remains unviolated in revision surgeries. The MI-TLIF technique appears to be a better option in such situations because it uses this intact paraspinal Wiltse approach for access to the disc space and placement of pedicle screws [16]. The notable perceived access-related advantages of the versatile MI-TLIF technique pertaining to revision surgeries include use of relatively preserved anatomical landmarks (facet joints), minimal muscle dissection and devascularization, and minimal need for working through difficult scar tissue from the previous procedure (transforaminal approach is lateral to the usual midline scar tissue). This is important because it is believed that dissection in areas of unscarred tissue followed by access to scarred regions can potentially avoid dural entry resulting from adhesions in the epidural space and dural scarring [17]. In a meta-analysis that included 11 randomized and nonrandomized studies comparing the outcomes of minimally invasive and conventional O-TLIF for degenerative lumbar diseases, the authors found that MI-TLIF was associated with lesser blood loss, shorter hospital stay, and better functional outcomes than O-TLIF [3]. In contrast, significantly increased intraoperative radiation exposure was observed in MI-TLIF. The operative times, complication rates, and reoperation rates were similar between the two groups. Similar findings were reported in a more recent updated systematic reviews [1819]. Whether these advantages seen in primary surgeries are applicable to revision surgeries has not been reported in the literature. In our study, we explored the implications of applying the MI-TLIF technique to revision surgeries.

Only a few studies have reported the outcomes of MI-TLIF in failed backs. Wang et al. [20] studied the outcomes of MI-TLIF (n=25) and O-TLIF (n=27) as revision surgery for patients who previously underwent open discectomy and decompression. The authors in that study could not find any statistical differences in operating times, preoperative and latest back (or leg) pain VAS scores, or preoperative and latest ODI scores between the two groups. Their statistical evaluation showed a highly significant decrease in the intraoperative and postoperative blood losses (p=0.01) in the MI-TLIF group. There was a significant difference in the X-ray exposure times between the groups, with an average of 73 seconds in the MI-TLIF surgery and 39 seconds in the O-TLIF surgery. The mean back pain VAS score was lower in the MI-TLIF group than that in the O-TLIF group at the second day after surgery. Three cases of small DTs were observed in the MI-TLIF group, which recovered uneventfully with tight closure of the overlying fascia intraoperatively. There were five cases of DTs and two cases of superficial wound infection in the O-TLIF group. One case of nonunion was observed in both groups. In our study, the clinical outcomes were comparable between the Pr and Fa groups except for the percentage change in VAS for back pain, which showed a significant improvement in the failed backs. In a recent study that evaluated revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic pseudarthrosis, adjacent segment disease, or same-level recurrent stenosis, Adogwa et al. [21] found more significant improvements in VAS for back pain than VAS for leg pain; this was similar to our study findings.

In a recent study, Wong AP et al. [22] reported on the intraoperative and perioperative complication rates following MI-TLIF in 513 patients. The study included 130 patients (25.3%) who had previously undergone a lumbar surgery and required a revision MI-TLIF and 383 patients (74.7%) undergoing their first lumbar surgery. After analysis, no statistically significant difference was observed in the rate of durotomy between revision and multilevel surgeries. In total, 18 patients (4.7%) received durotomy as a first-time surgery and eight patients (6.2%) received revision surgery. None of the patients required any intervention for the dural leak, which resolved with bed rest. A statistically significant increase in the infection rate was observed in the revision MI-TLIF patients, but all the infections (7 of 513) were perioperative medical infections. The only surgical site infection seen in the series was in a patient undergoing primary MI-TLIF surgery. In addition, the authors found no significant difference in the complication rates stratified according to presenting diagnosis. There were no complications observed in our study in either of the groups; this can be attributed to the fact that the senior author had been performing MI-TLIF surgeries for 5 years prior to initiation of this study. Hence, most of the learning curve for the procedure had already been traversed. Recent studies [523] have found that the initial learning curve significantly affected both the complication rate and clinical outcomes, with the results improving over time. The estimated blood losses and operative times were similar between the groups.

The inherent MI-TLIF technique is particularly suitable for selectively indicated revision surgeries because it exploits the intact paramedian corridor of an operated patient's anatomy. The symptoms of failed back that stem from instability can be addressed through minimal access instrumentation and fusion, with no need for midline exploration. The authors recommend MI-TLIF in selected cases of revision surgery.