C2 Anatomy for Translaminar Screw Placement Based on Computerized Tomographic Measurements

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Abstract

Introduction

Most of the instability in the upper cervical spine occurs at the atlantoaxial complex. Causes of instability can include congenital malformations, inflammatory diseases, infection, degenerative processes, neoplasms and trauma. The instability should be corrected to prevent further spinal cord damage.

Options for posterior fixation of the atlantoaxial complex include posterior wiring techniques, C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation, C1 lateral mass-C2 pars screw fixation and C1 lateral mass-C2 pedicular screw fixation.

Although wiring techniques are technically simple, their biomechanical limitations reduce fusion rates and necessitate rigid immobilization during the postoperative period [1]. C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation, C1 lateral mass-C2 pars screw fixation and C1 lateral mass-C2 pedicular screw fixation are very rigid. However, inherent in these techniques is the risk of injury to vertebral artery [2,3,4,5,6].

Wright [7] has recently reported on a series of patients with atlantoaxial instability in which a novel C2 fixation technique with bilateral crossing translaminar screws was used. This technique was reported to be relatively easy, rigid and reduces the risk of vertebral artery injury [8,9,10].

There are several reports in the literature discussing the anatomy of C2 lamina for translaminar screw placement [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. However, most of these reports describe only the outer transverse diameter of the C2 lamina. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anatomy of C2 lamina based on computerized tomographic measurements relative to C2 translaminar screw placement, with a focus on both the inner and outer transverse diameter of C2 lamina.

Materials and Methods

Two hundred cervical computerized tomographic (CT) images of adult patients at Ramathibodi Hospital between January 2008 and December 2012 were evaluated. The patients were randomly chosen from the patient registry. Patients who had C2 laminar abnormalities (e.g., fracture, infection or tumor) were excluded from the study. The C2 laminar parameters were measured from the CT images using the measurement tools of the workstation (Somatom Sensation cardiac 64, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). One-millimeter thin CT images slices were cut parallel to the disc spaces.

The measured parameters for the C2 lamina include the smallest inner transverse diameter, the smallest outer transverse diameter, the C2 laminar length and spino-laminar angle. The C2 laminar length was measured from the base of the C2 spinous process to the junction between the C2 facet and lamina on the contralateral side (Fig. 1). The spino-laminar angle was defined as the angle between the sagittal plane and the axis of the C2 lamina (Fig. 2). The criterion for feasible C2 lamina screw placement was defined as the inner transverse diameter of the C2 lamina larger than 3.5 mm.

Fig. 1

Axial computerized tomographic image illustrates the measurement of C2 inner transverse diameter (a), C2 outer transverse diameter (b) and C2 laminar length (c).

Fig. 2

Axial computerized tomographic image illustrates the measurement of C2 spino-laminar angle (d).

Statistical analysis was performed with the use of STATA version 11. Student's t-test was used to assess the level of statistical significance. Significance was defined as p-value <0.05.

Results

Two hundred patients were included in this study. There were 112 men and 88 women. The mean patient age was 53 years (range, 18-84 years). The mean inner transverse diameter of C2 lamina was 4.23±1.22 mm. Seventy-nine percent of the patients had an inner transverse diameter larger than 3.5 mm. The mean outer transverse diameter was 6.64±1.36 mm. The mean C2 laminar length was 37.26±4.42 mm. The mean C2 spino-laminar angle was 56.42±6.42 degrees (Table 1).

Table 1

Parameters of C2 lamina based on computerized tomographic images

The inner transverse diameter of C2 lamina was significantly larger in males than in females (4.44±1.29 mm vs. 3.96±1.06 mm, p=0.005). When patients were stratified by age into 2 groups (≤60 years vs. >60 years), there was no significant difference in age related to the inner transverse diameter of the C2 lamina (4.23±1.29 mm vs. 4.22±1.09 mm, p=0.94) (Table 2).

Table 2

Parameters correlated to inner transverse diameter of C2 lamina

Discussion

Posterior fixation of C1-C2 subluxation has been performed with a variety of techniques including posterior wiring techniques, C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation, C1 lateral mass-C2 pars screw fixation and C1 lateral mass-C2 pedicular screw fixation. Transarticular screw technique, C1 lateral mass-C2 pars screw fixation and C1 lateral mass-C2 pedicular screw fixation are very rigid but contain a risk of vertebral artery injury [2,3,4,5,6].

For this reason, Wright [7] proposed a method using bilateral crossing of C2 translaminar screws in atlantoaxial fusion. The major advantage of this technique is elimination of the potential risk of vertebral artery injury by placing screws within the C2 lamina. Other advantages include the relative ease of the technique and sufficient rigid stability [8,9,10]. Dorward and Wright [19] reported 97% fusion rate in their series with this technique.

The anatomy of C2 lamina for translaminar screw placement has been studied in the literature. Most studies described only the mean outer transverse diameter of the C2 lamina, which varies from 5.5 to 6.95 mm [12,13,14,15,17,18]. In this study, the mean outer transverse diameter of the C2 lamina was 6.64 mm, which is comparable to other reports.

There is limited data in the literature regarding the inner transverse diameter of the C2 lamina. Nakanishi et al. [16] evaluated CT scans of the C2 lamina in 42 Japanese patients. The mean inner transverse diameter of C2 lamina was 3.8 mm compared to 4.23 mm in this study. This variation might be from ethnic differences. Literature describing the transverse diameter of C2 lamina for translaminar screw placement is summarized in Table 3.

Table 3

Literatures studying transverse diameter of C2 lamina for translaminar screw placement

In this study, the mean inner transverse diameter of C2 lamina was significantly larger in males than in females (4.44±1.29 mm vs. 3.96±1.06 mm, p=0.005). This gender difference in C2 lamina diameter has been reported by several authors [12,15,16]. Nakanishi et al. [16] reported that the mean inner transverse diameter of C2 lamina in males and in females was 4.1 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively. In the study by Kim et al. [15], the mean outer transverse diameter of C2 lamina in males and in females was 5.8 mm and 5.4 mm, respectively.

Seventy-nine percent of the population in this study had C2 anatomy that was suitable for C2 translaminar screw placement. In the literature, the percentage of C2 lamina appropriate for this technique varied from 50 to 100 percent [11,14,15,16,17]. Meng and Xu [17] studied 29 adult patients with os odontoideum. All patients had C2 lamina with diameters suitable for translaminar screw placement. However, another study by Yusof and Shamsi [18] found that the C2 lamina in the Malaysian population is relatively small. The mean outer transverse diameter was 5.6 mm. They suggested that C2 translaminar fixation using a 3.5 mm screw should be attempted with caution in the Asian population.

Conclusions

C2 translaminar screw fixation was feasible in the majority of the adult population evaluated. However, we recommend preoperative CT evaluation because the inner transverse diameter of C2 lamina is smaller than 3.5 mm in some people, especially females.

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