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Asian Spine J > Volume 10(5); 2016 > Article
Sasagawa and Nakamura: Associated Factors for Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in Japanese Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Hip: A Radiographic Study

Abstract

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Purpose

To determine the presence and frequency of factors for degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) in patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA).

Overview of Literature

OA of the hip joint (hip OA) in Japanese patients is associated with a high incidence of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DS). However the associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA are unclear.

Methods

The study included 518 patients (59 men and 459 women) with a mean age of 63.8 years who underwent total hip arthroplasty for hip OA at our hospital between January 2004 and May 2014. The presence of DS was assessed using preoperative standing lateral radiographs of the hip joint including the lower lumbar spine. To identify the associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted in which the presence or absence of DS was used as a dependent variable, and age, female sex, body mass index (BMI), sacral slope (SS), Crowe classification, and primary OA (P-OA) not associated with acetabular dysplasia were independent variables.

Results

Patients with DS accounted for 114 (22.0%) of 518 cases. In multiple logistic regression analysis to identify associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA, the odds ratio for age was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.08), female sex was 2.48 (95% CI, 1.11–5.54), BMI was 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02–1.14), SS was 1.07 (95% CI, 1.04–1.09), Crowe classification was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.40–0.91), and P-OA was 1.90 (95% CI, 1.20–3.75).

Conclusions

Age, female sex, BMI, SS, low Crowe classification, and P-OA are independently associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA.

Introduction

Offierski and MacNab [1] defined clinical conditions where flexion contracture and/or leg length inequality based on hip joint disease influenced spinal alignment as hip–spine syndrome. Osteoarthritis of the hip joint (hip OA) in Japanese patients is associated with a high incidence of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DS) [23]. It is important to identify associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA to understand its pathology. However, the associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine the types and frequency of the associated factors for DS in patients with OA of the hip.

Materials and Methods

The study included 518 patients (59 men and 459 women) with a mean age of 63.8 years (range, 28–91 years) who received total hip arthroplasty for hip OA at our hospital between January 2004 and May 2014. Exclusion criteria were osteonecrosis of the femoral head, trauma, history of osteotomy of hip joint, rheumatoid arthritis, and rapidly destructive coxarthrosis causing rapid and extreme destruction of the hip joint within 6–12 months [4]. This study was approved by Our Institutional Review Board.
Within 3 months before surgery, a frontal radiograph of the hip joint and standing lateral radiographs of the hip joint including the lower lumbar spine were taken. Presence of DS, grade of slip (Meyerding grade) and sacral slope (SS) were accessed. SS was regarded as the angle between the superior endplate of S1 and the horizontal plane. DS was defined as an anterior slip ≥3 mm or more [2356]. Hip OA was divided into two groups depending on etiology, secondary osteoarthritis (S-OA) that was associated with acetabular dysplasia, and primary osteoarthritis (P-OA) that was not associated with acetabular dysplasia. Acetabular dysplasia was defined as a centeredge angle <25°. Crowe classification of the grade of hip OA was determined radiologically.

1. Statistical analyses

All data are expressed as mean±standard deviation. An unpaired Student t and chi-squared tests were used to compare age, sex, body mass index (BMI), SS, the etiology of hip OA (P-OA or S-OA), and Crowe classification between patients in the DS and non-DS group. Demographic data and the relationship between patients in the groups with primary and secondary OA of the hip joint were also assessed. To identify the associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted in which presence or absence of DS was used as a dependent variable, and age, female sex, BMI, SS, P-OA, and Crowe classification were independent variables. A p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows ver. 22 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Patients with DS accounted for 114 (22.0%) of 518 cases. Meyerding grade I and II comprised 105 and 9 cases, respectively. DS was found at L3 in 19 cases, L4 in 89 cases, and L5 in 13 cases (DS was found at two levels in 7 cases). In contrast, patients with spondylolytic spondylolisthesis accounted for just 26 (5.0%) of 518 cases.
The mean age of patients in the DS and non-DS group was 66.6±8.7 years and 63.0±10.4 years, respectively. The mean age of patients in the DS group was significantly higher than in the non-DS group (p<0.01). Hip OA occurred in 3 of 33 patients (9.1%) under 50 years, 17 of 143 patients (11.9%) in their 50s, 49 of 195 patients (25.1%) in their 60s, 39 of 117 patients (33.3%) in their 70s, and 6 of 30 patients (20.0%) over 80 years old. Eight of 59 male patients (13.6%) and 106 of 459 female patients (23.1%) were associated with DS. There was no significant difference between male and female patients. The average BMI of patients in the DS and non-DS group was 24.5±4.0 kg/m2 and 23.5±4.0 kg/m2, respectively. The average BMI of patients in the DS group was significantly higher than that in the non-DS group (p<0.05). The SS in the DS group (37.4°±10.2°) was significantly greater than that in the non-DS group (32.9°±11.8°) (p<0.01). The prevalence of DS in patients with P-OA and S-OA was 32 of 90 cases (35.6%) and 82 of 428 cases (19.2%), respectively. The prevalence of DS in patients with P-OA was significantly higher than that of DS patients with S-OA (p<0.01). The Crowe classification (I/II/III/IV) of hip OA was 100/10/2/2 in the DS group and 324/43/31/6 in the non-DS group. There was no significant difference between DS and non-DS groups in Crowe classification (Table 1).
The mean age of patients in the P-OA and S-OA group was 71.0±8.8 and 62.3±9.8 years, respectively. The mean age of patients in the P-OA group was significantly lower than that in the S-OA group (p<0.01). There were no significant group differences in sex and BMI. SS in the S-OA group (34.9°±11.0°) was significantly greater than that in the P-OA group (28.9°±12.6°) (p<0.01). The prevalence of DS in patients with P-OA was significantly higher than that of DS patients with S-OA (p<0.01). The Crowe classification (I/II/III/IV) of S-OA was significantly greater than that of P-OA group (Table 2).
A multiple logistic regression analysis was done to identify associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA. The odds ratio for age was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.08), female sex was 2.48 (95% CI, 1.11–5.54), BMI was 1.08 (95% CI 1.02–1.14), SS was 1.07 (95% CI, 1.04–1.09), P-OA was 1.90 (95% CI, 1.20–3.75), and Crowe classification was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.40–0.91). Age, female sex, BMI, SS, P-OA and low Crowe type were identified as independent associated factor for DS (Table 3).

Discussion

Although subjects varied in age, sex, symptoms, or inclusion of spondylolytic spondylolisthesis, the prevalence of DS in Japanese is reported as 3.7%–12.4% (Table 4) [5678]. In contrast, the prevalence of DS in Japanese patients with hip OA was reported as 31%–36% [23]. In the present study, the prevalence of DS in patients with hip OA was 22.0% (27.0% when spondylolytic spondylolisthesis is added). This prevalence is consistent with previous reports. Therefore patients with hip OA are associated with a high incidence of DS.
The present study identified age, female sex, BMI, SS, P-OA, and low Crowe type as independent associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA. The prevalence of DS increases with age [2578910]. Therefore DS is considered a result of age-related degeneration of the intervertebral disk and facet joints. This tendency was also observed presently in hip OA. Patients with hip OA may be associated with a high incidence of DS because the peak age of onset for hip OA and DS is similar.
DS occurred 4–6 times more frequently in women [910]. This fact has been recognized, but not conclusively explained. In the present study this tendency was also observed in patients with OA of the hip even though the number of male patients might be too small to compare statistically.
Because the prevalence of DS increases with BMI [1011], BMI of patients in the DS group was significantly higher than that of patients in the non-DS group with hip OA. Being over-weight might lead to an increased axial load on intervertebral disks and facet joints, and it might also lead to an anterior displacement of the trunk and enhance the risk of DS [11].
Schuller et al. [11] and Funao et al. [12] reported that the SS of patients with DS is significantly greater than that of controls (42.3° vs. 33.4°, 34.0° vs. 26.6°, respectively). In the present study, SS of patients in the DS group was significantly higher than that in patients with hip OA in the non-DS group. If a patient develops a fixed flexion deformity of the hip, the flexion deformity may rotate the pelvis forwards and increase SS. Fixed flexion deformity exaggerates normal lumbar lordosis. Hyperlordosis results in anterior displacement of lumbar vertebrae and may enhance the risk of DS [1].
The present study identified P-OA as an independent associated factor for DS in patients with hip OA even though the SS in the S-OA group was significantly greater than that in the P-OA group. To our knowledge, no prior studies have examined the possible epidemiological relationship between the etiology of hip OA (P-OA or S-OA) and DS. Low Crowe type was identified as an independent associated factor. Considerable P-OA is also associated strongly with DS compared with S-OA, because in this study 92 of 94 patients (97.9%) in Crow type II/III/IV had S-OA. Hip OA is considered to be influenced by age, genetics [13], and environment [14]. There seems to be a common predisposition for a tendency for degeneration between P-OA, in which OA changes occur even without acetabular dysplasia, and DS, which is a result of degeneration of intervertebral disks and facet joints.
In the present study, we assessed various parameters using preoperative standing lateral radiographs of the hip joint including the lower lumbar spine. Limitations of the present study include a lack of consideration of the range of motion of the hip joint, alignment of the entire spine, lumbar lordosis, and facet joint orientation. Although pelvic incidence is an important morphologic parameter correlated with susceptibility to pathomechanisms responsible for the onset and progression of DS [12], we could not assess it because deformity and high dislocation of femoral head exist in many cases with hip OA, especially secondary OA that accounts for the majority of hip OA in Japan. Further study is necessary to understand the pathogenesis of DS in hip OA more fully.

Conclusions

Age, female sex, BMI, SS, P-OA, and low Crowe type are independent associated factors for DS in patients with hip OA.

Notes

Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

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Table 1

Demographic data and the relationship between patients in the groups with and without degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis

asj-10-935-i001.jpg

NS, not significant in χ2 test; SS, sacral slope; P-OA, primary osteoarthritis; S-OA, secondary osteoarthritis.

Table 2

Demographic data and the relationship between patients in the groups with primary and secondary osteroarthritis of the hip joint

asj-10-935-i002.jpg

P-OA, primary osteoarthritis; S-OA, secondary osteoarthritis; NS, not significant; SS, sacral slope; DS, degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Table 3

Data for each risk factors using multiple logistic regression

asj-10-935-i003.jpg

BMI, body mass index; SS, sacral slope; P-OA, primary osteoarthritis.

Table 4

Prevalence of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis in Japanese

asj-10-935-i004.jpg

D, degenerative spondylolisthesis; S, spondylolytic spondylolisthesis; Hip OA, osteoarthritis of hip joint.

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