Effects of Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Discoidin Domain Receptors in Ligamentum Flavum Fibrosis in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Canal Stenosis

Yusuf Mansur Torun; Emre Delen; Oğuzhan Doğanlar; Zeynep Banu Doğanlar; Özlem Delen; Metin Orakdöğen

doi:10.31616/asj.2021.0380

Asian Spine J > Volume 17(1); 2023 > Article

Torun, Delen, Doğanlar, Doğanlar, Delen, and Orakdöğen: Effects of Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Discoidin Domain Receptors in Ligamentum Flavum Fibrosis in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Canal Stenosis

Clinical Study

Asian Spine Journal 2023;17(1):194-202.

Online first: September 27, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2021.0380

Effects of Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Discoidin Domain Receptors in Ligamentum Flavum Fibrosis in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Canal Stenosis

Yusuf Mansur Torun¹

, Emre Delen¹

, Oğuzhan Doğanlar²

, Zeynep Banu Doğanlar²

, Özlem Delen³

, Metin Orakdöğen¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey

²Department of Medical Biology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey

³Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey

Corresponding author: Emre Delen, Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey,
Tel: +90-530-614-4646, Fax: +90-284-513-8305, E-mail: emredelen@trakya.edu.tr

Received September 15, 2021 Revised January 19, 2022 Accepted February 3, 2022

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Study Design

This is a retrospective cohort study.

Purpose

This study aimed to clarify the role of crosstalk between discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the ligamentum flavum (LF) fibrosis obtained from patients with degenerative lumbar canal stenosis (DLCS).

Overview of Literature

The DDRs, DDR1 and DDR2, are cell surface receptors and have an essential role in collagen fiber accumulation in several fibrotic diseases. MMPs are one of the critical factors in extracellular matrix remodeling and elastic fiber degradation in LF tissues. However, the crosstalk between DDRs and MMPs and the role of this molecular signal in LF fibrosis remain unclear.

Methods

A total of 35 patients were divided into two groups in this study. Spinal surgery was performed in 23 of these patients with the diagnosis of DLCS. Twelve patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) were included in the control group. On axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, LF thickness was measured bilaterally at the level of the facet joint. Histology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot analyses were performed on LF tissue samples. LF tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In addition, the grade of fibrosis was histologically assessed using Masson trichrome triple staining. DDR1 and DDR2 Western blot analyses were performed. DDR1, DDR2, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 expression levels were measured using qRT-PCR analysis.

Results

The grade of fibrosis and LF thickness were significantly higher in the DLCS patients than in the LDH patients. DDR1 and DDR2 gene expression and protein levels in LF tissues are significantly greater in DLCS samples than in control samples, according to both qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. In addition, we detected a significant expression of the MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13, which are known to have important roles in extracellular matrix remodeling in DLCS. Furthermore, we discovered a link between DDR protein levels and LF thickness, fibrosis, and MMP3/MMP9.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that DDR1, DDR2, and MMP3 and MMP9 signals can be correlated with each other in LF tissues and be promoted LF fibrosis leading to spinal canal narrowing in patients with DLCS.

Keywords: Ligamentum flavum; Fibrosis; Degenerative lumbar canal stenosis; Discoidin domain receptors

Introduction

As the population aging, lumbar canal stenosis (LCS) has become the most reason for spinal interventions [1]. Although degenerative changes in the spine are often associated with the natural process of aging, these changes can result in spinal conditions such as degenerative LCS (DLCS) and spinal canal constriction. Although there is a wide range of spine degenerative changes such as the thickness of the ligamentum flavum (LF), intervertebral disc degeneration, facet joint osteoarthritis, and osteophytes, the thickness of LF is the main mechanical reason for the narrowing of the spinal canal [2,3]. It is well known that the increase in LF thickness is the end result of fibrosis, and it is the cause of the narrowing of the spinal canal that terminates at the DLCS. LF, which is a connective tissue, is normally composed of elastic and collagen fibers with 2:1 ratio [4]. Under the degenerative conditions of the spine, collagen fibers increase, while elastin fibers decrease in LF [5]. The increase of collagen fibers plays a very important role in the LF fibrosis [1]. The complex pathomechanism underlying the LF fibrosis due to these collagen accumulations remains unclear.

The discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases and are activated by collagen fibers [6]. There are two forms of these receptors, DDR1 and DDR2. The fibrillary collagens (types I–III, V, and XI), which are involved in the pathogenesis of the LF fibrosis, are demonstrated binding to DDR1, whereas collagens II and X are known as the ligand of DDR2. The previous studies revealed that the interactions of the DDRs with collagen fibers play a crucial role in normal and pathological conditions such as fibrotic disease [7,8]. Moreover, previous study has shown that the inhibition of DDR, especially DDR1, led to decreased fibrosis in chronic kidney disease [8]. The zinc endopeptidases of the extracellular matrix, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), play a key role in the breakdown of collagen. It is widely known that aberrant expression of these genes is associated with the most severe forms of fibrosis. Moreover, MMPs have been extensively studied in LF fibrosis [9–13]. Thus, we hypothesized that the association between DDRs and MMPs might be involved in LF fibrosis in DLCS patients.

In this study, patients with DLCS and lumbar disc herniation (LDH) were evaluated demographically, radiologically, and histologically. The fibrosis grades of the patients were determined from the LF samples and compared with the LF thickness. Using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, the involvement of DDR1/DDR2 and MMPs (2, 3, 9, and 13) in LF fibrosis was examined at the same time.

Materials and Methods

All LF samples were taken from the patients that were performed the surgery for DLCS and LDH. Ethical approval for the experimental protocol of the presented study was obtained from the Human Ethics Review Committee of Trakya University (TUTF-BAEK 2019/358). All of the patients who took part in the study signed a written informed permission form. Our study comprised 35 patients (nine men and 26 women). DLCS was diagnosed in 23 of these individuals (five men and 18 women), and spinal surgery was performed in 23 of them (five men and 18 women). Twelve patients (male, n=4; female, n=8) with LDH were included in the control group. The exclusion criteria for both two groups were previous spine surgery, epidural injections, spine injury, spinal deformity like degenerative scoliosis, and presence of the tumor. For both DLCS and LDH patients, the diagnosis given primarily depends on the characteristic clinical features and neurological examination with suitable imaging features. For the DLCS group, we enrolled individuals with neurogenic claudication who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that showed a narrowing of the spinal canal. On the other hand, the control groups (LDH patients) showed radiculopathy that was confirmed by neurological examination and radiologic abnormalities at specific LDH levels. None of the patients with LDH (control group) had degenerative changes on MRI.

1. Analyses of ligamentum flavum thickness

LF thickness was measured at the facet joint level, perpendicular to the border of the laminae within the axial T2-weighted MRI, as previously described with minimal modification [14]. We employed a manual cursor technique to measure the maximum thickness of the LF, which was determined automatically by the MRI scanner’s loaded software. All measurements were taken in both directions. For statistical analysis, the greater value was accepted.

2. Histologic analyses

The LF tissues were fixed in 10% formalin solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 48 hours at room temperature for histological evaluation. After the fixation phase was completed, the tissues were washed in tap water. They were passed through the rising alcohol series (70%, 90%, 96%, 100%) for the dehydration phase. The tissues were maintained in toluene for the transparency phase (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). After the paraffinization phase, LF tissue samples were cut into paraffin blocks.

LF paraffin blocks were cut into 5 μm thick slices. To determine the histological structure properties of the LF tissue, it was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). In addition, Masson trichrome triple staining was used to show the severity of LF tissue fibrosis. H&E and Masson trichrome-stained preparations were examined under a light microscope (Olympus BX51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and photographed at different magnifications (×100, ×200, and ×400; Olympus DP20 microscopic digital camera system; Olympus). Masson trichrome-stained preparations (×200 magnification) were used for each LF tissue section. Three measurements were performed using Imaging Analysis System to determine the severity of fibrosis (ver. 2.11.5.1; Camera-Argenit, Istanbul, Turkey). The average percentage was calculated. The severity of LF fibrosis was determined using the grading system of Sairyo et al. [2], which is based on the density of collagen in the tissue: grade 0: normal tissue without fibrotic zone; grade 1: tissue showing fibrosis in 25% or less of the entire area; grade 2: tissue showing 25% to 50% fibrosis; grade 3: tissue showing 50% to 75% fibrosis; and grade 4: tissue showing more than 75% fibrosis (Fig. 1).

3. Isolation of total RNA, cDNA synthesis, and quantitative real-time PCR analysis

Totally, 30- to 50-mg samples LF from each LDH and DLCS group and froze them in liquid nitrogen before powdering. Tissue powders from each sample were evenly divided into two 2 mL Eppendorf tubes for use in both RNA and protein extraction. The Trizol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to isolate total RNA from tissue powders according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The extracted RNA purity and concentrations were read using a micro-volume spectrophotometer (Optizen Nano Q; Mecasys, Daejeon, Korea). cDNA library was prepared from 500 ng cellular RNA in 20 μL of reaction volume using a High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). After reverse transcription, DDR1 (sense: 5′-AAGGGACATTTTGATCCTGCC-3′; antisense: 5′-CCTTGGGAAACACCGACCC-3′), DDR2 (sense: 5′-CCAGTCAGTGGTCAGAGTCCA-3′; antisense: 5′-GGGTCCCCACCAG AGTGATAA-3′), MMP2 (sense: 5′-GATACCCCTTTGACGGTAAGGA-3′; antisense: 5′-CCTTCTCCCAAGGTCCATAGC-3′), MMP3 (sense: 5′-AGTCTTCCAATCCTA CTGTTGCT-3′; antisense: 5′-TCCCCGTCACCTCCAATCC-3′), MMP9 (sense: 5′-TACCCTATGTACCGCTTCAC-3′; antisense: 5′-GAACAAATACAGCTGGTTCC-3′), MMP13 (sense: 5′-TCCTGATGTGGGTGAATACAATG-3′; antisense: 5′-GCCATCGT GAAGTCTGGTAAAAT-3′), and GAPDH (sense: 5′-CGGAGTCAACGGATTT GGTCGTAT-3′; antisense: 5′-CAGAAGTGGTGGTACCTCTTCCGA-3′) cDNA were amplified with Power Cyber Green Master Mix (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in an Quant Studio 5 Real-Time PCR System (Life Technologies) as follows: 1 cycle of 2 minutes at 50°C and 10 minutes at 95°C followed by 42 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 seconds and annealing and extension at 60°C for 1 minute. Relative expression levels were calculated by the 2-ΔΔCt method, and GAPDH mRNA was used as an internal control.

4. Western blot analysis

For protein isolation, tissue powders in each replicate were homogenized by a Daihan 15D tissue homogenizer (27,000 rpm) in 400 μL of RIPA Lysis Buffer (including 2 μL of PMSF, 2 μL of a sodium orthovanadate, and 2 μL of a protease inhibitor cocktail) (RIPA Lysis Buffer System, sc-24948; Santa Cruz, CA, USA) under ice-cold conditions. The lysate was centrifuged at 14,000 g for 20 minutes and in the range of 2.13–3.17 mg/mL of total protein was detected by the protein A280 method with a micro-volume spectrophotometer (Optizen Nano Q; Mecasys). The protein level was measured using a Western blot assay and SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) electrophoresis, as described by Delen et al. [15] with two primary antibodies (DDR1 [NBP1-33134; Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA] and DDR2 [NBP2-14927; Novus Biologicals]) and normalized with a beta-actin antibody (NB600-503; Novus Biologicals). Protein quantities were determined with the ProteinQuant software and given as relative density.

5. Statistical analysis

According to the normalized test results in two-group comparisons, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the DLCS group with their respective control groups in terms of gene expression, age, LF thickness, and fibrosis score levels. All data are shown as the mean±standard deviation unless otherwise noted. The Pearson correlation test was conducted to see if there was a probable association between the two sets of data. The statistical analysis was done with the IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Results

1. The LF fibrosis and thickness closely linked with DLCS

The mean age of DLCS and LDH patients was 59.43±11.38 and 57.16±8.11, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of mean age (p=0.281). The mean measurements of LF thickness were 3.2±0.3 μm and 5.06±0.91 μm in the LDH and DLCS patients, respectively. LF thickness was higher in the DLCS patients than in the LDH patients. The mean grades of fibrosis were 1.6±1.1 and 3.08±0.5 in the LDH and DLCS patients, respectively. The fibrosis grade was higher in DLCS patients than in LDH patients. When the LF thickness and fibrosis grade were evaluated between groups, a significant difference (p<0.001) was found. There was also a positive correlation between LF thickness and the degree of fibrosis (p<0.001) (Table 1).

2. The histology of LF fibrosis

The LF tissue sections were stained with Masson trichrome triple staining for determining the grade of fibrosis histologically. In this way, elastic fibers were stained red, collagen fibers of connective tissue showing fibrotic areas green, and nuclei browned (Fig. 1). Grade 0 is classified as normal tissue without fibrotic zone (Fig.1A); grade 1 as tissue showing fibrosis in 25% or less of the entire area (Fig. 1B); grade 2 as tissue showing 25% to 50% fibrosis (Fig. 1C); grade 3 as tissue showing 50% to 75% fibrosis (Fig. 1D); and grade 4 as tissue showing more than 75% fibrosis (Fig. 1E). It was shown that elastic fibers decrease and collagen fibers increase gradually in the LF tissue (Fig. 1A–E).

3. Expression level of DDR1 and DDR2 in LF samples

qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that mean DDR1 and DDR2 expression values were 4.4±5.5 and 4.6±7.0, respectively. The LF samples of the DLCS group had higher expression of DDR1 and DDR2 than the LDH group, and the difference was statistically significant (Fig. 2). Furthermore, there were statistically significant positive relationships between these genes’ expression profiles with LF thickness, but no such correlations were detected between these genes and LF fibrosis. On the other hand, DDR2 and DDR1 expression patterns were found to have a positive connection (Table 2).

4. High DDR1 and DDR2 expression were confirmed by Western blotting analysis

Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the high mRNA expression level of DDR1 and DDR2 in patients. It was observed that the expression of DDR1 and DDR2 proteins in DLCS patients was significantly increased compared to LDH patients (Fig. 3). DDR1 and DDR2 expressions were also found to be strongly linked with LF thickness and fibrosis. DDR2 expression was found to be positively associated with DDR1 expression as a consequence of this study (Table 2).

5. Expression of MMPs increased in DLCS patients

The qRT-PCR analysis showed that MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 expressions of patients with DLCS were significantly increased compared to patients with LDH. However, the difference between MMP2 expression values was not significant (Fig. 4). Increased expression levels of MMPs were associated with DDR protein expression. In particular, MMP3 and MMP9 were observed to have positive correlations with protein expression of both DDR1 and DDR2 (Table 2).

Discussion

Previous studies have repeatedly revealed that fibrosis contributed to the thickening of the LF specimens of patients with DLCS [1,2]. LF fibrosis due to narrowing spinal canal leads to clinical symptoms of DLCS. However, degradation of the intervertebral disc and facet joints may play a role in the course of DLCS, and LF hypertrophy is a critical event in this process. Extracellular proteases, such as MMP, have been implicated in the molecular mechanism that causes fibrosis in the LF in several investigations [4,11]. In addition, studies have reported the essential influence of DDRs on the expression profile of MMP [16,17]. However, no research has looked into the involvement of DDR in LF fibrosis in DLCS patients. In the LF sample from individuals with DLCS, we detected indications of fibrotic alteration and increased expressions of DDR1 and DDR2. We used Western blot analysis to validate these findings.

Human MMPs, which are responsible for the degradation of the multiple components of the extracellular matrix, play an essential role in the molecular mechanism underlying fibrosis. As a result, MMPs and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) could be important components of a fibrosis treatment strategy [18,19]. MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9 expressions are increased in hypertrophied LF in previous investigations [4,9]. Kim et al. [20] have reported that TIMP1 and TIMP2 expressions increased in the LF of patients with DLCS increased, while serum expression levels were similar in both groups. Thus, they suggested that the effect of these molecular players in LF fibrosis is a local phenomenon. MMPs, particularly MMP2, have been recommended by Sugimoto et al. [11] as a prospective molecular target for the prevention of DLCS. In contrast, according to Western blotting studies, an in vitro investigation performed on LF tissue culture from individuals with LDH revealed active expression of MMP9, but not MMP2 [10]. These results may be caused by the tissues obtained from patients with LDH who did not show any evidence of LF hypertrophy on their MRI. Oh and Ha [12] reported that MMP3 expression in the LF of patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis is higher than that of patients with spinal stenosis. Patients with DLCS had higher MMP3 expression than those with LDH when the outcomes of these investigations were compared. MMP9 is expressed in the fibroblast of LF tissues taken from individuals with DLCS, according to Park et al. [4]. As a result, research suggests that members of the MMP family play an important role in LF fibrosis. This study revealed that patients with DLCS had higher expression levels of MMPs (MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13) than those with LDH (Fig. 4). Furthermore, based on the results of the Western blotting research, the correlation analysis revealed that MMP3 and MMP9 had a positive connection with both DDR1 and DDR2 expression (Table 2).

Many evidence showed that DDR has a regulatory role in the expression of MMPs. Vogel et al. [21] reported that DDR2 activation stimulated MMP1 expression. Majkowska et al. [22] have verified this effect of DDR2 on MMP1 using human fibroblasts. DDR2 has been shown to activate MMP2 in a prior study [23]. DDR1 increased and promoted MMP2 and MMP9 overexpression in pituitary adenoma cell lines, according to Yoshida and Teramoto [24]. This study revealed the correlations between DDR1 and DDR2, and MMPs may have a role in LF fibrosis, which is consistent with the evidence in the literature.

The MMP system has a primary role in the remodeling of connective tissues, which can occur in both physiological and pathological conditions through the degradation of collagen fibers [25]. Collagen fibers are the most common structural proteins of the extracellular matrix and cause an increase in tissue stiffness [26]. The accumulation of collagen fibers, which happens in degenerative LF fibrosis, is a crucial process that causes the LF to lose its elasticity. As a result, the LF is sensitive to mechanical stress during lumbar motion [2]. As a result, the thickening of the LF, which contains more collagens, causes a vicious cycle of “scar–repair–scar” [2,27]. Many studies have reported the increasing amounts of collagen fibers in LF thickening. The synthesis of type I and III collagen fibers in fibroblasts enhances macrophage infiltration in the LF tissue of individuals with DLCS [28]. Takeda et al. [1] reported high expressions of collagen types I, III, V, VI, and VIII in LF samples of patients with DLCS. This result was confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of the LF on MRI was linked to the overexpression of type I, III, and VI collagen fibers. As a result, they hypothesized that these collagen fibers could provide a fresh perspective on the DLCS mechanism. On the other hand, collagen fibers are signaling molecules that play an important role in various physiological and pathological circumstances [29]. Their signaling properties have influenced fundamental cell processes through collagen receptors such as DDRs. DDR1 and DDR2 are DDRs that can be expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal cells, respectively [30]. Although they are members of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, they differ from other RTKs in several ways [21]. Type I, III, and V collagen fibers can all be activated by DDR1 or DDR2. Nonfibrillar collagens, unlike DDR2, can activate DDR1 [7]. Therefore, DDR-collagen binding has been thought to act as a molecular player on fibrosis [30].

This research has some limitations. First, our sample group was small. Second, the expression of each type of collagen fibers should be measured. As this is a preliminary study, our goal was to show the role of DDR1 and DDR2 on LF fibrosis. The entire expression profiles of collagen fibers, as well as the association between the expression of DDRs and these genes, will be part of our future research.

Conclusions

According to our literature search, our study is the first research to reveal expression levels of DDR1/DDR2 and correlation with MMPs in the molecular mechanism of LF fibrosis. In this study, LF fibrosis was confirmed by evaluating radiologically and histologically in patients with LDH and DLCS. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses were performed LF tissue samples of the patients, and it was revealed that the expression of DDR1 and DDR2 and MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 were significantly increased. DDR2, MMP3, and MMP9, on the other hand, were found to have favorable relationships with DDR1. DDR1 and DDR2 gene levels were also favorably connected with LF thickness and fibrosis score; however, only MMP13 was positively correlated with LF thickness and fibrosis score. Taken together, the mechanisms of DDRs, especially including DDR1 and MMPs, might reveal novel therapeutic interventions in treating DLCS. However, further studies are required to clearly understand this therapeutic intervention.

Conflicts of interest

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Notes

Funding

This study was funded by the Trakya University Scientific Research (TUBAP-2020/119). Preparation for publication of this article is partly supported by Turkish Neurosurgical Society.

Notes

Author Contributions

Yusuf M. Torun: primary author; Emre Delen: Principal investigator/experimental design; Oğuzhan Doğanlar: performed experiments/data collection/data analysis; Zeynep B. Doğanlar: performed experiments/data collection/data analysis; Özlem Delen: performed experiments/data collection; and Metin Orakdöğen: revised critically.

Fig. 1

Light microscopic view of ligamentum flavum (Masson trichrome staining, ×200). Green color in Masson trichrome show fibrozis of ligamentum flavum. Increased collagen fibers in ligamentum flavum hypertrophy was shown by degree of fibrosis. (A) Grade 0: normal tissue without fibrotic zone. (B) Grade 1: tissue showing fibrosis in 25% or less of the entire area. (C) Grade 2: tissue showing 25% to 50% fibrosis. (D) Grade 3: tissue showing 50% to 75% fibrosis. (E) Grade 4: tissue showing more than 75% fibrosis.

Fig. 2

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of discoidin domain receptor (DDR)1 (A) and DDR2 (B). LDH, lumbar disc herniation; DLCS, degenerative lumbar canal stenosis. *p<0.05.

Fig. 3

(A, B) Western blot analysis of discoidin domain receptor (DDR)1, DDR2, and β actin in degenerative lumbar canal stenosis (DLCS) and lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients. * p<0.05. ** p<0.01.

Fig. 4

(A–D) Relative fold change determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 genes on the ligamentum flavum in the degenerative lumbar canal stenosis (DLCS) and lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients. All data were normalized to housekeeping gene GAPDH. Significantly different values according to the Mann-Whitney U test; * p<0.05 and ** p<0.01.

Table 1

Comparison of the demographic, radiologic and histologic data between both groups

Characteristic	DLCS	LDH
No. of patients	23	14
Sex
Female	5	4
Male	18	8
Mean age (yr)	59.43±11.38	57.16±8.11
Ligamentum flavum thickness^a)	5.06±0.91	3.2±0.3
Grade of fibrosis^a)	3.08±0.5	1.6±1.1

Values are presented as number or mean±standard deviation.

DLCS, degenerative lumbar canal stenosis; LDH, lumbar disc herniation.

^a) Statistical significant difference between two groups.

Table 2

Correlation matrix of Pearson correlation coefficients and significance levels among gene expressions, LF thickness and LF fibrosis in two groups

Variable	r or p-value	LF thickness	LF fibrosis	DDR1	DDR2	Prot_DDR1	Prot_DDR2	MMP2	MMP3	MMP9	MMP13
LF thickness	Pearson’s r	-
	p-value	-
LF fibrosis	Pearson’s r	0.429*	-
	p-value	0.010	-
DDR1	Pearson’s r	0.408*	0.235	-
	p-value	0.015	0.175	-
DDR2	Pearson’s r	0.361*	0.202	0.544***	-
	p-value	0.033	0.244	<0.001	-
Prot_DDR1	Pearson’s r	0.398*	0.384*	0.091	0.187	-
	p-value	0.018	0.023	0.605	0.282	-
Prot_DDR2	Pearson’s r	0.495**	0.329*	0.265	0.062	0.545***	-
	p-value	0.002	0.054*	0.124	0.725	<0.001	-
MMP2	Pearson’s r	0.224	−0.122	−0.047	0.086	0.201	0.197	-
	p-value	0.196	0.485	0.787	0.622	0.248	0.258	-
MMP3	Pearson’s r	0.181	0.223	0.028	0.273	0.421*	0.359*	0.357	-
	p-value	0.297	0.199	0.873	0.113	0.012	0.034	0.035	-
MMP9	Pearson’s r	0.275	0.160	0.236	0.034	0.350*	0.656***	0.209	0.301	-
	p-value	0.109	0.360	0.173	0.847	0.039	<0.001	0.228	0.079	-
MMP13	Pearson’s r	0.341*	0.264	−0.130	−0.020	0.200	−0.163	0.250	0.071	−0.080	-
	p-value	0.045	0.125	0.456	0.910	0.251	0.350	0.148	0.686	0.646	-

LF, ligamentum flavum; DDR, discoidin domain receptor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.

^* p<0.05.

^** p<0.01.

^*** p<0.001.

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