Introduction
Degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) represents a pathologic increase in sagittal vertebral motion secondary to loss of the anatomic restraint of the intervertebral disc and facet joints. DS in the setting of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis is commonly treated with spinal fusion in addition to decompression with laminectomy and is accepted by many as the surgical standard of care [
1-
4]. However, some studies have shown acceptable results with decompression alone.
A discussion of lumbar stability is critical to the understanding of DS and its contemporary management. Spondylolisthesis in this setting represents a pathologic increase in motion secondary to loss of the anatomic restraint of the intervertebral disc and facet joints. However, a simple binary classification of “stable” or “unstable” is inadequate to fully characterize DS and may be insufficient to guide clinical decision making. Specifically, DS can be further defined by the presence or absence of dynamic instability. Dynamic instability may be defined as segmental anterior–posterior (AP) translation occurring actively with flexion or extension of the lumbar spine. The presence of a dynamic phenotype has been shown to be an important risk factor for predicting failure of decompression and laminectomy without fusion [
5].
Instability is identified by measuring the anterior–posterior translation on static end-range flexion and extension lateral radiographs and defined as a change of greater than 3 mm [
6-
14]. Mid-range kinematics could evince occult dynamic instability in which motion is not appreciated at the terminal-range of motion. We evaluated the prevalence of mid-range instability (MI) and analyzed the clinical implication of MI.
Materials and Methods
In this study, 30 patients with DS who had checked standing dynamic radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine in Gwangmyeong Sungae orthopedic clinic were recruited (
Table 1). This study received an exemption by the Institutional Review Board of Gwangmyeong Sungae Hospital (KIRB-2020-N-002), and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
1. Radiographical assessment
Standing lateral radiographs were evaluated in extension, 45° of flexion (mid-range) and 90° of flexion (terminalrange) of the lumbar spine [
9,
15]. Since it is impossible to accurately measure the angle of the mid-range, the midrange was decided to be between 30° and 60°. I tried to make the lower leg straight from the pelvis to set the gross position close to 45°. The mid-range can best reflect the instability state with the hooking mechanism of the facet joint and the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament of the disc not tense.
Clinical measurement of intervertebral AP translation was performed by two observers via the standard measuring approach [
9]. Landmarks placed on the inferior–posterior endplate of the superior vertebra and the superior– posterior endplate of the inferior vertebra were used to calculate dynamic slippage. Instability was defined as slippage greater than 3 mm from the extension position [
16]. Patients were divided into three groups: a control group, an MI group, and a terminal-range instability (TI) group.
2. Outcome measurement
Radiographic outcome (stenosis grade) and clinical outcome (Visual Analog Scale [VAS] and Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]) were compared between the three groups. All radiographic measurements, plain films, and MRIs were evaluated by an independent examiner who was not directly involved in the care or surgery of the patients. Two independent observers classified each case twice within a 1-week interval in order to measure intra and inter-observer differences. Kappa statistics were used to evaluate inter- and intra-observer reliability. Results of reliability tests (kappa statistics) were as follows: the intraobserver reliability for anterior slip varied between 0.86 and 0.90. The inter-observer reliability ranged from 0.82 to 0.94, respectively.
3. Statistical analysis
Comparison of each independent variable between the groups was done by independent t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variable. Correlations were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS ver. 17.0.0 statistics package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A value of p<0.05 was accepted as significant.
Results
The average sagittal translation of the lumbar spine was 5.2 mm in extension, 6.6 mm in mid-range, and 7.2 mm in end-range (
Table 2). MI was observed in eight patients (26.2%) and TI was seen in 12 patients (40%) (
Fig. 1). Of eight patients with MI, three patients did not have instability at terminal-range (occult patients) (
Fig. 2) and five patients had instability at terminal-range (typical patients) (
Fig. 3). Body weight and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in the MI group as compared to the control group. BMI was positively correlated with slippage to mid-range (
Table 3,
Fig. 4). There was no significant difference in stenosis grade, VAS, and ODI. In the TI group, there was no significant difference in radiographic or clinical parameters as compared to the control group (
Table 4).
Discussion
The present study demonstrates that static clinical flexion–extension radiographs appear to underestimate the true degree of AP translation that occurs during trunk flexion when compared with dynamic in vivo continuous kinematic analysis in patients with DS. Dynamic imaging study of the lumbar spine has been attempted via digital fluoroscopic video of cineradiography with promising results, suggesting aberrant kinematics in the affected segments [
6,
17,
18]. The aim of this study, then, is to provide a simple and practical method of assessment.
When analyzing the kinematic data presented, one can broadly categorize patients into three subgroups of DS: (1) “typical” motion, referring to the increase in anterior subluxation of the superior vertebral body on the inferior body as one’s body flexes forward, (2) “paradoxical” motion, referring to the decrease in anterior subluxation of the superior vertebral body as one’s body flexes forward, and (3) “occult” motion, referring to sagittal translation of the superior vertebral body on the inferior vertebral body during mid-range flexion that reduces by the end-range of motion [
19].
This data support that DS in fact represents a spectrum of aberrant motion with significantly greater kinematic heterogeneity than previously realized. Furthermore, our data suggest some patients exhibit so-called occult dynamic instability, i.e., AP translation not apparent using standard static clinical imaging, which may have important clinical implications for surgical management. Improving the detection of dynamic instability as well as furthering our understanding of different kinematic subgroups in DS could make possible more patient-specific rather than disease-specific surgical interventions. The present data suggest a subset of patients with “occult” dynamic instability, which can lead to a source of failure when treated via decompression surgery alone.
In
Table 2, T (end-range)–N (extension) motion was 2.00±2.30 mm, T–M (mid-range) was 5.90±2.19 mm. Theoretically, T–N should be larger than T–M, but, T–M is larger because there is a corresponding number of patients reduced in the terminal.
There are some limitations to this study that deserve mention. First, our study consisted of a small sample size with only 30 patients. However, the sample size was large enough to identify distinct occult dynamic instability and the relationship between BMI and MI. Second, the lack of standardization of body flexion between patients may have impacted the observed kinematic patterns. In order to standardize the protocol, the subjects were asked to flex to their maximum amount without experiencing significant pain, similar to the clinical setting.
Conclusions
We suggest that some patients exhibit so-called occult dynamic instability, which has a relationship to BMI. This data not only improves the detection of dynamic instability, but also reduces surgical complications by not performing decompression surgery alone, especially with higher BMI patients.
Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of patient allocation. DS, degenerative spondylolisthesis; MI, mid-range instability; TI, terminal-range instability.
Fig. 2.
Radiography of a 55-year-female with degenerative spondylolisthesis. (A) Upright extension lateral X-ray. (B) 45° flexion (mid-range) lateral X-ray. (C) 90° flexion (terminal-range) lateral X-ray. Slip length was (A) 4 mm → (B) 8.5 mm → (C) 5.6 mm occult instability with slip increase from mid-range to 8.5 mm.
Fig. 3.
Radiography of a 76-year-female with degenerative spondylolisthesis. (A) Upright extension lateral X-ray. (B) 45° flexion (mid-range) lateral X-ray. (C) 90° flexion (terminal-range) lateral X-ray. Slip length was (A) 4.4 mm → (B) 6.7 mm → (C) 7.7 mm typical instability with slip increase from terminal-range to 8 mm.
Fig. 4.
(A, B) Correlation between slip and BMI. N, extension; M, mid-range; T, end-range; BMI, body mass index (kg/m2).
Table 1.
Characteristic |
Value |
No. of patients |
30 |
Male |
12 |
Female |
18 |
Age (yr) |
68.43±8.62 |
Weight (kg) |
63.57±9.80 |
Height (cm) |
160.60±8.15 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
24.60±3.09 |
Leg VAS |
4.77±2.73 |
Back VAS |
5.90±2.19 |
Oswestry Disability Index |
23.50±9.47 |
Table 2.
Variable |
Mean±standard deviation |
Average slip in N (mm) |
5.20±2.61 |
Average slip in M (mm) |
6.57±2.76 |
Average slip in T (mm) |
7.20±3.06 |
Motion M–N (mm) |
1.37±1.79 |
Motion T–N (mm) |
2.00±2.30 |
Motion T–M (mm) |
5.90±2.19 |
Grade of stenosis |
2.13±0.94 |
Lumbar lordosis (°) |
33.64±11.52 |
Table 3.
Comparison between MI group and control group
Variable |
MI group (n=8) |
Control group (n=15) |
p-value |
Age (yr) |
68.75±9.07 |
67.20±8.69 |
0.698 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
26.77±4.11 |
23.85±2.44 |
0.043
|
M–Na) (mm) |
3.88±2.47 |
0.20±1.08 |
<0.001
|
Leg VAS |
5.38±2.62 |
4.07±3.03 |
0.315 |
Back VAS |
6.13±1.89 |
6.20±2.51 |
0.942 |
Oswestry Disability Index |
16.63±8.11 |
25.00±10.08 |
0.056 |
Table 4.
Comparison between TI group and control group
Variable |
TI group (n=12) |
Control group (n=15) |
p-value |
Age (yr) |
70.08±7.85 |
67.20±8.69 |
0.380 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
24.44±2.99 |
23.85±2.44 |
0.576 |
T–Na) (mm) |
4.25±1.48 |
0.33±1.35 |
<0.001
|
Leg VAS |
5.42±2.50 |
4.07±3.03 |
0.227 |
Back VAS |
5.67±2.06 |
6.20±2.51 |
0.559 |
Oswestry Disability Index |
24.42±8.03 |
25.00±10.08 |
0.872 |
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