2. Hedequist DJ. Surgical treatment of congenital scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 2007 38:497–509.
4. Sponseller PD, Ting BL,Congenital scoliosis. Herkowitz HN, Garfin SR, Eismont FJ, Bell GR, Balderston RA, editors. Rothman-Simeone: the spine. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders Elservier; 2011. p.374–84.
5. Winter RB. Congenital thoracic scoliosis with unilateral unsegmented bar, convex hemivertebrae, and fused concave ribs with severe progression after posterior fusion at age 2: 40-year follow-up after revision anterior and posterior surgery at age 8. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012 37:E507–10.
6. Kesling KL, Lonstein JE, Denis F, et al. The crankshaft phenomenon after posterior spinal arthrodesis for congenital scoliosis: a review of 54 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003 28:267–71.
7. Cheung KM, Zhang JG, Lu DS, Luk KKD, Leong YJC. Ten-year follow-up study of lower thoracic hemivertebrae treated by convex fusion and concave distraction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002 27(7): 748–53.
8. Winter RB, Lonstein JE, Denis F, Sta-Ana de la Rosa H. Convex growth arrest for progressive congenital scoliosis due to hemivertebrae. J Pediatr Orthop 1988 8:633–8.
9. Campbell RM Jr, Hell-Vocke AK. Growth of the thoracic spine in congenital scoliosis after expansion thoracoplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003 85:409–20.
10. Yazici M, Emans J. Fusionless instrumentation systems for congenital scoliosis: expandable spinal rods and vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib in the management of congenital spine deformities in the growing child. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009 34:1800–7.
11. Pahys JM, Guille JT. What’s new in congenital scoliosis? J Pediatr Orthop 2018 38:e172–9.
12. Li XF, Liu ZD, Hu GY, et al. Posterior unilateral pedicle subtraction osteotomy of hemivertebra for correction of the adolescent congenital spinal deformity. Spine J 2011 11:111–8.
13. Ruf M, Harms J. Posterior hemivertebra resection with transpedicular instrumentation: early correction in children aged 1 to 6 years. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003 28:2132–8.
14. Ruf M, Jensen R, Letko L, Harms J. Hemivertebra resection and osteotomies in congenital spine deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009 34:1791–9.
15. Yaszay B, O’Brien M, Shufflebarger HL, et al. Efficacy of hemivertebra resection for congenital scoliosis: a multicenter retrospective comparison of three surgical techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011 36:2052–60.
16. Helenius I, Serlo J, Pajulo O. The incidence and outcomes of vertebral column resection in paediatric patients: a population-based, multicentre, follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012 94:950–5.
18. Lee CS, Hwang CJ, Kim DJ, et al. Feasibility of correction with instrumentation only in congenital scoliosis. Neurosurgery 2014 74:35–41.
19. Reames DL, Smith JS, Fu KM, et al. Complications in the surgical treatment of 19,360 cases of pediatric scoliosis: a review of the Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality Database. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011 36:1484–91.
20. Winter RB, Moe JH, Eilers VE. Congenital scoliosis a study of 234 patients treated and untreated: part I: natural history. J Bone Joint Surg 1968 50:1–5.
21. Nasca RJ, Stilling FH 3rd, Stell HH. Progression of congenital scoliosis due to hemivertebrae and hemivertebrae with bars. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1975 57:456–66.
22. McMaster MJ, Ohtsuka K. The natural history of congenital scoliosis: a study of two hundred and fifty-one patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982 64:1128–47.
23. Kwan MK, Chan CY. Is there an optimal upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) tilt angle to prevent post-operative shoulder imbalance and neck tilt in Lenke 1 and 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients? Eur Spine J 2016 25:3065–74.
24. Kwan MK, Chiu CK, Chan TS, Abd Gani SM, Tan SH, Chan CY. Flexibility assessment of the unfused thoracic segments above the “potential upper instrumented vertebrae” using the supine side bending radiographs in Lenke 5 and 6 curves for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Spine J 2018 18:53–62.
25. Kwan MK, Chiu CK, Goh SH, et al. The reliability of intraoperative crossbar technique in determining the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) tilt angle for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) undergoing posterior spinal fusion. Clin Spine Surg 2019 32:256–62.