Asian Spine J > Volume 13(3); 2019 > Article |
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Funding
This research project was supported by Siriraj Research Development Fund (managed by Routine to Research: R2R), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University (grant no., 17AS00024/003/17).
Author Contributions
Conception and design: PR, TS, BS; acquisition and data: PR, TS; analysis and interpretation of data: PR, TS, BS; drafting of the manuscript: BS; critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: AN, BS; statistical analysis: AN, BS; supervision: AN, BS; obtaining funding: BS; and administrative, technical, or material support: BS
Variable |
Pain intensity in post-anesthesia care unit |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mild-moderate pain (n=71) | Severe pain (n=77) | ||
Age group (yr) | 0.056 | ||
0–18 | 0 | 0 | |
19–65 | 38 (53.5) | 53 (68.8) | |
>65 | 33 (46.5) | 24 (31.2) | |
American Society of Anesthesia status | 0.223 | ||
I | 6 (8.5) | 10 (13.0) | |
II | 44 (62.0) | 53 (68.8) | |
III | 21 (29.6) | 14 (18.2) | |
Sex (female) | 40 (56.3) | 47 (61.0) | 0.562 |
Preoperative pain score (Visual Analog Scale) | 4.4±2.6 | 4.7±2.5 | 0.441 |
Baseline Oswestry Disability Index unit (missing 8 cases) | 42.2±20.6 | 49.7±16.2 | 0.018* |
Chronic pain | 37 (52.1) | 40 (51.9) | 0.984 |
Level of laminectomy | 0.574 | ||
0 | 11 (15.5) | 13 (16.9) | |
1–2 | 33 (46.5) | 41 (53.2) | |
>2 | 27 (38.0) | 23 (29.9) | |
Level of posterior instrument | 0.657 | ||
0 | 5 (7.0) | 10 (13.0) | |
1–2 | 27 (38.0) | 29 (37.7) | |
3–5 | 34 (47.9) | 34 (44.2) | |
>5 | 5 (7.0) | 4 (5.2) | |
Level of interbody fusion | 0.360 | ||
0 | 25 (35.2) | 36 (46.8) | |
1 | 32 (45.1) | 29 (37.7) | |
>2 | 14 (19.7) | 12 (15.6) | |
Type of interbody fusion | 0.234 | ||
Posterior lumbar interbody fusion | 20 (28.2) | 12 (15.6) | |
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion | 15 (21.1) | 19 (24.7) | |
ALIF/XLIF/OLIFa) | 11 (15.5) | 10 (13.0) | |
None | 25 (35.2) | 36 (46.8) | |
Surgical duration (min) | 242±108 | 204±76 | 0.018* |
Blood loss (mL) | 500 (250–800) | 400 (175–700) | 0.055 |
Nitrous oxide | 23 (32.4) | 28 (36.4) | 0.612 |
Minimum alveolar concentration of inhalation | 0.66±0.15 | 0.68±0.16 | 0.272 |
Morphine equivalence (mcg/kg/min) | 1.04±0.57 | 1.89±0.61 | 0.167 |
Local infiltration | 30 (42.3) | 34 (44.2) | 0.815 |
Patient-controlled analgesia (opioids) | 25 (35.2) | 15 (19.5) | 0.031* |
Variable | p-value | Adjusted odd ratio (95% confidence interval) |
---|---|---|
Age (19–65 yr) | 0.007* | 2.86 (1.32–6.25) |
Baseline Oswestry Disability Index unit | 0.004* | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
Surgical duration (min) | 0.236 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) |
Blood loss (mL) | 0.797 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
Patient-controlled analgesia (opioids) | 0.059 | 0.44 (0.19–1.03) |
Variable |
Pain intensity in PACU |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Pain intensity in PACU | Severe pain (n=90) | ||
PACU duration (min) | 78.4±25.4 | 86.2±27.3 | 0.048* |
Morphine in PACU (mg) | 0 (0–0) | 4 (2–6) | <0.001* |
Frequency of opioids received (times) | 0 (0–0) | 2.5 (1.75–3) | <0.001* |
Maximum NRS at 0–6 hr | 4 (0–6) | 5 (3–7) | 0.002* |
Maximum NRS at 7–24 hr | 2 (0–5) | 4 (2–5) | 0.006* |
Severe pain at 0–6 hr (NRS) | 17 (19.8) | 33 (37.1) | 0.009* |
Severe pain at 7–24 hr (NRS) | 8 (9.1) | 15 (16.9) | 0.094 |